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Jesus: an Islamic view

In this pamphlet, the author shows the nature of the Prophet Jesus as Islam 
provides. He shows that the Prophet Jesus is a human prophet and does not 
have any divine nature as Christian believe.



Did you know that it is obligatory for Muslims to believe in Jesus, or that 
a record of Jesus' life and teachings is preserved in the Qur'an and sayings 
of Muhammad, as well as in little-known traditions handed down by Muslim 
communities over the centuries?

Christians brought up in the West are often surprised to discover Muslims 
who are familiar with the life and teachings of Jesus through the teachings 
and scriptures of Islam, while they themselves are unlikely to have learned 
anything about the Prophet Muhammad at church. This is partly a matter of 
history: Islam incorporates the Judeo-Christian tradition and embraces Jesus 
in the same way that Christianity incorporates the Old Testament and 
embraces Moses (peace be upon them both). All three religions trace their 
roots to Abraham, and in fact the Qur'an and the Bible share and uphold many 
beliefs, practices and virtues in common -- belief in God, angels and the 
Day of Judgement, in the virtues of prayer, charity and fasting, and in the 
importance of truthfulness, patience, and love. Together, Christians and 
Muslims make up more than half the world's population, and rather than being 
ideological opposites as some people imagine, their faiths are in many ways 
the most alike of the world's major religions.



Early Muslims were granted protection in Christian Abyssinia

This common ground is one of the reasons the Prophet Muhammad (PBH) advised 
the weak and poor among his early followers to seek refuge in Christian 
Abyssinia (present-day Ethiopia) to escape persecution by the idolatrous 
Arab tribes, before Islam became established in Arabia. Muslim historians' 
account of the event succinctly conveys the heart of the relationship 
between the two faiths. When the corrupt leaders of Makkah pursued the 
Muslims into Africa and asked the Negus to return them, the Abyssinian ruler 
summoned the small community of Muslims, then asked them:

'What is this religion which has caused you to become separate from your 
people, though you have not entered my religion or that of any other folk 
around us?'

Their spokesman Ja'far, Muhammad's young cousin, replied, 'O King, we were a 
people steeped in ignorance, worshipping idols, eating unslaughtered meat, 
committing abominations, and the strong would devour the weak. That is how 
we were until God sent us a Messenger from out of our midst, one whose 
lineage was known to us, and whose truthfulness, trustworthiness and 
integrity were renowned. He called us to God - that we should testify to His 
Oneness, and worship Him and renounce what we and our ancestors had 
worshipped in the way of stones and idols; and he commanded us to speak 
truly, to fulfil our promises, to respect the ties of kinship and the rights 
of our neighbours, and to refrain from crimes and bloodshed. So we worship 
God alone, setting nothing beside Him, counting as forbidden what He has 
forbidden and as permissible what He has allowed. For these reasons have our 
people turned against us, and persecuted us to try to make us forsake our 
religion and revert from the worship of God to the worship of idols. That is 
why we have come to your country, having chosen you above all others, We 
have been happy under your protection, and it is our hope, O King, that here 
with you we shall not suffer wrong.'



His speech was translated by the royal interpreters, after which the Negus 
asked if they had with them any revelation their prophet had brought them. 
Ja'far then recited the following verses of the Qur'an, from the chapter 
entitled 'Mary':



And make mention of Mary in the Scripture, when she withdrew from her people 
to a place towards the east, and secluded herself from them. We sent to her 
Our spirit (the angel Gabriel), and he appeared to her in the likeness of a 
perfect man. She said, 'I seek refuge in the Compassionate God from you; (do 
not come near me) if you fear the Lord.' He replied, 'I am none other than a 
messenger from your Lord, (to announce) to you the gift of a pure son.' She 
said, 'How can I have a son when no man has touched me, nor am I unchaste?' 
He said, 'Even so will it be; your Lord says, "This is an easy thing for Me. 
And We shall make him a sign for humanity and a mercy from Us. So it has 
been decreed."'(Qur'an 19: 16-21)



Ja'far's recitation and the translation of these verses brought tears to the 
king's eyes. He responded, 'This has truly come from the same source as that 
which Jesus brought.' He granted the Muslims his protection. But the 
tribesmen of Makkah, furious that their plans and alliances had been 
frustrated, decided to rouse the king's ire against their monotheist cousins 
by playing up the differences between Christianity and Islam regarding 
Jesus. The king assembled them together once again and asked,



'What do you say about Jesus, son of Mary?'

Ja'far replied, 'We say of him what our Prophet has brought us, namely that 
he is the servant of God and His Messenger, and His Spirit and Word which He 
cast into Mary, the blessed virgin.'



The Negus then lifted his wooden staff and said, 'Jesus does not exceed what 
you have said by the length of this stick.' The bishops present objected to 
the king's judgment, but that did not deter him from granting the small 
Muslim community full protection, declaring, 'Not for mountains of gold 
would I harm a single one of you'.

(Adapted from Muhammad: his life based on the earliest sources, by Martin 
Lings)



That was Christianity's first encounter with Islam, and is how Islam first 
came to flourish -- in Africa, under the protection of a benevolent 
Christian king.



Differing Christian views on Jesus

It may surprise some to think of any Christians accepting a description of 
Jesus that fell short of 'only-begotten Son of God' and 'Saviour', but the 
Negus would have known of the theological arguments that had raged between 
various sects in the Eastern birthplace of Christianity for centuries after 
Christ. Christians had been divided roughly into two 'camps' from the 
beginning, which can perhaps best be described as people who followed the 
religion of Jesus, versus those who followed a religion about Jesus. The 
first is exemplified by his disciples, who lived as Jews, believed in One 
God, and followed the Law of Moses -- which Jesus had come 'not to destroy, 
but to fulfil' (Matthew 5:17). They had no concept of Jesus originating a 
new religion: they worshipped in the temple, and focused their efforts on 
spreading the good news to fellow Jews that their Messiah had come. This 
group further developed and became known as Arians, after Arius, a North 
African bishop who emphasized Jesus' human nature. The second was led by 
Paul, a charismatic speaker who had never met Jesus and had persecuted many 
Christians before his sudden conversion. Under his leadership, Pauline 
Christians directed their conversion efforts towards non-Jews and developed 
a theology foreign to the Old Testament, including belief in a Trinity 
(which had been prevalent among Romans, Egyptians and other pagans), an 
emphasis on Jesus as the 'son' of God, associated concepts of original sin 
and atonement, and the central dogma of Jesus' (supposed) crucifixion and 
resurrection.



The Council of Nicea

Disagreements between these and other sects had grown so great by the 4th 
century that the Roman Emperor Constantine decided to convene the Council of 
Nicea (Iznik, Turkey) in 325, to settle the matter of true belief 'once and 
for all'. During this event (in which Constantine's own trinitarian leanings 
were made known), the bishops of the Christian world gathered together for 
the first time to debate doctrine, and a draft creed espousing belief in a 
Trinity of 'Father, Son and Holy Ghost' received the most votes. Dissenting 
bishops were suddenly declared heretics; their writings were banned, and the 
gospels supporting them burned. That marked the birth of the Roman Catholic 
Church, state religion of the Roman empire. Tens of gospels and other 
writings that individual churches had been free to use, some which presented 
an alternative view of Jesus, were destroyed; only four were included in the 
New Testament collection, along with a heavy dose of Paul's writings. 
Despite this totalitarian approach to achieving 'religious unity', a small 
number of dissenting Christian sects survived, together with alternative 
gospels that were carefully hidden and only came to light in the 20th 
century.

Viewed in historical context, the main theological differences between 
Muslims and Christians are largely the same differences that have been a 
major source of disagreement between Christians themselves from the 
beginning. These concern the nature and role of Jesus, his relationship with 
God, and how best to venerate and follow his example.



Beloved servant, son of Mary; not 'Son' of God

In contrast to the often contradictory passages of the New Testament, the 
Qur'an teaches monotheism, pure and simple: faith in One God, Creator and 
Sustainer of the universe, a Supreme Being without partners, associates or 
family members. There is no concept of an intermediary in Islam, whether 
priest or saviour, who must intercede between a human being and his Creator. 
Whatever individual Christians may understand by the term 'son' or 
'Father' - whether in their minds the terms symbolize no more than a caring, 
loving relationship, or whether they regard belief in the Trinity as the key 
to avoiding eternal damnation - Islam considers that the Christian view in 
which Jesus is 'idolized' while God is 'humanized', obscures Jesus' 
invaluable role as master teacher and role model, while vastly 
underestimating God's transcendent majesty. It is impossible, indeed 
inconceivable to Muslims that the Almighty Creator of the Universe could 
appear in any human form, whole or in 'part', constrained by time and space. 
As the prophet Solomon is reported as saying after completing the Temple of 
Jerusalem,



'But will God really dwell on earth?

The heavens, even the highest heaven, cannot contain You.

How much less this temple I have built!' (I Kings 8:27)



While the Qur'an, like the Bible, confirms that Jesus had no human father, 
it does not accept that this makes Jesus the son of God any more than it 
does Adam himself, who was created without either father or mother. Rather, 
when God decides something, 'He need only say to it 'Be!' and it is' (Q. 
3:47). It is interesting to note that the term Jesus most often used of 
himself in the New Testament gospels is 'son of man' (in Hebrew, literally 
the 'son of Adam'); a term that for Muslims emphasizes his human nature. The 
phrase 'son of man' also appears in the Old Testament, where it underscores 
man's insignificance before God as well as the undeserved honour God has 
shown him:



'How then can a man be righteous before God?...

If even the stars are not pure in His eyes, how much less man, who is but a 
maggot-- 

a son of man, who is only a worm!' (Job 25:4-6)



'When I consider Your heavens, the work of Your fingers, the moon and the 
stars, which You have set in place, What is man that You are mindful of him, 
the son of man that You care for him?

You made him a little lower than the heavenly beings, and crowned him with 
glory and honour.' (Psalms 8:3-5)



Christian arguments against the trinity

Many Arians, Unitarians and other like-minded Christians have argued against 
the existence of a trinity, basing their reasoning on passages of the Bible 
itself. The lack of any mention of the word or concept in the Old Testament 
is one of the most important, as God surely would have found it important 
enough to mention to Moses and the many other prophets of old. Yet the 
cornerstone of the Jewish faith has always been, 'Hear, O Israel: the Lord 
our God, the Lord is One. You shall love the Lord your God with all your 
heart and with all your soul and with all your strength.' (Deut. 6:4), and, 
'You shall have no other gods besides Me.' (Deut. 5:7)



Jesus never taught his followers to worship him, and no record exists of him 
preaching about a trinity. 'By myself I can do nothing' (John 5:30), 'the 
Father is greater than I' (John 14:28), and many similar statements of his 
support pure monotheism, although other passages in the New Testament 
contradict it. Many Christians came to the conclusion that the Biblical 
texts must have been corrupted, as indeed the Qur'an asserts. The reader is 
referred to the writings of John Biddle, father of Unitarianism, as well as 
others such as John Milton, Sir Isaac Newton, John Locke, Thomas Jefferson, 
and Benjamin Franklin for examples of this kind of reasoning.



The Qur'anic position on Jesus



The Qur'an speaks of 'the Gospel' (Injil) as a Scripture revealed to Jesus 
by God, from which he preached, like the Torah of Moses. It is clear from 
early Christian history as well as modern Biblical studies that this 
original Scripture has been lost forever, and the fragments that remain in 
the form of various gospels have been corrupted so that they do not inspire 
confidence. The Qur'an, which was revealed partly in order to clarify points 
that had been misunderstood by previous religious groups, paints a brief but 
clear portrait of Jesus as Messenger of God.

Responding to the views of an early Christian sect known as 'Adoptionists', 
who believed that God had 'adopted' Jesus, the Qur'an says:

'It does not befit (the majesty of) the Compassionate God that He should 
adopt a son. There is none in the heavens and the earth but shall come to 
the Compassionate One as a servant.' (Q. 19:92-93)

The Qur'an further cautions:

'O People of the Scripture, do not exaggerate or go to extremes in your 
religion, or say anything about God but the truth. The Messiah, Jesus, son 
of Mary, was no more than an (honoured) Messenger of God, and His word that 
He imparted to Mary, and a spirit from Him. So believe in God and His 
Messengers and do not say, 'Three (in One).' Cease, for your own good! For 
your Lord is One God; Glory be to Him - (He is far) above having a son! All 
that is in the heavens and the earth belongs to Him. And God is Sufficient 
as Guardian (of the affairs of the universe).

The Messiah would never scorn to be a servant of God, nor would the angels 
who are near (to Him)...' (Q. 4;171-2)

The Angel Gabriel announced to the Virgin Mary the miraculous nature of the 
child she was to bear by saying:

'O Mary, God gives you the good news of a word from Him, whose name is the 
Messiah, Jesus, son of Mary, held in high honour in this world and the Next, 
and one of those brought near (to Him).

'He will speak to people in his cradle and in the prime of manhood, and he 
is one of the righteous...

...(God) will teach him the Scripture and wisdom, and the Torah and the 
Gospel,

And (will appoint him as) a Messenger to the Children of Israel (saying), 'I 
come to you with a miracle from your Lord (as proof of my message). I will 
make the likeness of a bird for you out of clay; (then) I will breathe into 
it and, by God's permission, it shall become a (living) bird. And by God's 
permission I will give sight to those born blind, and heal the leper, and 
raise the dead to life. And I will inform you of what you eat and what you 
store in your houses. Surely that is a sign for you, if you are believers.

'And (I come to you) confirming (what has been sent down before me in) the 
Torah, and in order to make some of the things which were forbidden (in the 
past) lawful for you. I came to you with a sign from your Lord, so fear 
Allah and obey me.

God is my Lord and your Lord, so worship Him. That is the straight path.' 
(Q. 3: 45-51)

Some of these miracles are unfamiliar to modern readers of the Bible, but 
the accounts do appear in the 'Infancy Gospels', which enjoyed wide 
circulation in eastern churches for centuries.

Jesus was saved by God, not crucified; his return is awaited by Muslims.



Another point of contention surrounding the life of Jesus has been that of 
the crucifixion: whereas Christians have regarded it as an essential point 
of faith, Jews took it as proof that Jesus was not the promised Messiah, 
since God would not have allowed His chosen one to suffer such humiliation 
at the hands of his enemies. The Islamic position is that the crucifixion of 
Jesus never happened, although it appeared to. . We may note that the 
descriptions given in the New Testament gospels of the crucifixion cannot be 
considered accurate eyewitness accounts since, in their words, 'all the 
disciples fled' when Jesus was arrested. The work of modern Biblical 
scholars lends support to the Islamic position. They have established that 
the earliest (original) gospels make no mention of either crucifixion or 
resurrection, but focus instead on Jesus' teachings and miracles.

What did happen to Jesus if he was not crucified? The Qur'an says:

'(The Jews who rejected Jesus earned God's displeasure) because of their 
denying the truth and slandering Mary with a terrible accusation; and 
because of their (boasting) claim, 'We killed the Messiah, Jesus, son of 
Mary, God's Messenger!' They neither killed him nor crucified him, though it 
was made to appear that way to them. Those who disagree about this (matter) 
are full of doubts; they have no knowledge about it except to follow 
guesswork and speculation, but they certainly did not kill him. Rather, God 
raised him up to Himself; and God is ever Mighty, Wise. There is not one of 
the People of the Scripture who will not believe in him (as he should be 
believed in) before his death (e.g. after his Second Coming), and on the Day 
of Judgement he will be a witness against them.' (Q. 4:156-9)

The most prevalent interpretation of these verses among Muslim scholars is 
that someone else (such as the traitor Judas Iscariot) was crucified 
instead, while Jesus was raised to heaven, as God often saves those beloved 
to Him. The Prophet Muhammad taught that Jesus will return to earth one day 
to rule in peace and justice, although Islamic prophecies on the subject 
differ from Christian ones.

The historical Jesus: Messiah, Messenger, Wise Teacher and Prophet

The Islamic view of Jesus is a logical and reasonable one, which is 
consistent with earlier Biblical teachings, and people today can relate to: 
he was a virtuous and wise teacher; an ascetic who taught by personal 
example and spoke without fear against corruption in high places; prophet 
and Messiah of the Jewish people, who healed and brought the dead to life by 
God's permission; an honoured Messenger of God. Rather than being sent to 
found a new religion, he came to 'breathe life' into and revitalise the 
interpretation of Mosaic Law.

Teachings of Jesus as related by generations of Muslims

Stories related by Muslims about Jesus are plentiful, and highlight his role 
as teacher of wisdom. A few examples are:

Jesus said, 'Do not hang jewels around the necks of swine. Wisdom is finer 
than gems, and those who do not value it are worse than swine.'

Jesus said, 'A plant can only grow in yielding earth, not on hard rock. In 
the same way, wisdom flourishes only in a humble heart, not one which is 
proud and unyielding.'

(The above and many other sayings are related by the classical Muslim 
scholar Al-Ghazali in his Revival of the Religious Sciences. For 
translations of and information on other gospels, see The Complete Gospels, 
edited by R.J. Miller.)



Sayings of the Prophet Muhammad relating to Jesus

The Prophet Muhammad spoke with much affection and respect of Jesus, and 
taught Muslims to do the same. Relating some of Jesus' teachings, he said:

'Jesus, son of Mary, used to say, "Do not speak much without mentioning God, 
for your hearts will become hardened. A hard heart is far from God, if you 
only knew.'

'Do not look at the wrong actions of others as though you were lords; look 
at your own wrong actions as if you were slaves.

And Muhammad emphasised the true and common message of Christianity and 
Islam, saying:

'Both in this world and in the Hereafter, I am the nearest of all people to 
Jesus, son of Mary. The prophets are paternal brothers; their mothers are 
different, but their religion is one.'



Islam's invitation to Christians



Many Arab Christians converted to Islam during and soon after Muhammad's 
lifetime because they recognised the simple truth of his message, and were 
convinced that New Testament passages foretelling the appearance of a 
'Comforter' and other Biblical prophecies referred to him. Those who seek a 
truly historical prophet, whose life and teachings have been lovingly and 
meticulously preserved in remarkable detail, may wish to learn more about 
Muhammad -- another great leader who continues to be widely misunderstood, 
especially in the West.

We conclude with the words of the Qur'an:

Say, 'O People of the Scripture, let us) come to an agreement together: that 
we will worship none but God, and that we will not associate any (other god) 
with Him, and that none of us shall take others for lords besides God.' And 
if they turn away, then say, 'Bear witness that we are (the ones who have 
surrendered to Him, as) Muslims.' (Q. 3:64)





Recommended Reading

'Ata ur-Rahim, M., Jesus: A Prophet of Islam (available in several editions)

Miller, R. J. (ed.) The Complete Gospels (1992), Sonoma, CA. (USA), 
Polebridge Press

Siddiqui, F., The Bible's Last Prophet (1995), Alexandria, VA (USA), 
Al-Saadawi Publications

http://wamy.co.uk/jesus-in-islam/

Thank you 

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